number of japanese dialects

", which means "you didn´t understand, did you?". According to a Japanese linguist, Misao Tojo (東条操) divided into 16 dialects in 1953. When I was in the university, I had met for the first time people from different part of Japan. “Thank you” is arigatō in standard Japanese, but go to Osaka and you may hear ōkini instead. Local cultures have flourished and developed disti… Ehime : Taiko-manju, Oobanyaki and three others. While the word dandan is usually “gradually,” people use it in Shimane Prefecture to say “thank you.”. Vowels can be short or long. While China’s national policy allows for cultural and regional autonomy and each region and dialect group is allowed to use their own language, they are also required to understand and speak the national language, which is Mandarin or Pǔtōnghuà, which means common language. The ones most Japanese and foreigners who study Japanese are probably familiar with include the Kansai, Tohoku, Nagoya and Kagoshima regional dialects. Included in the list of 2,500 endangered languages are eight languages spoken in Japan: Ainu, Hachijō, Amami, Kunigami, Okinawan, Miyako, Yaeyama, and Yonaguni. The eastern dialect is called "Tokyo ben" which is equivalent to standard Japanese and the western dialect is called "Kansai ben" which is spoken in western Japan such as Kyoto, Osaka, and Kobe. The two dialects with the largest number of speakers are the eastern and western dialects. Imagine, there are 47 prefectures in Japan and it´s possible that there are 47 way of calling one thing inside Japan. “Like,” which is ii ne in standard Japanese, becomes ee yan in this mode. Then inside the mainland dialect, it´s divided into five, Touhoku Hougen (東北方言/ Touhoku dialect), Higashinihon Hougen (東日本方言/ Eastern dialect), Hachijou Hougen (八丈方言/ Hachijo islands dialect), Nishinihon Hougen (西日本方言/ Western dialect) and Kyuushuu Hougen (九州方言/ Kyuushuu dialect). Your email address will not be published. In all parts of the nation now, young people often speak standard Japanese. The most well known dialect is Osaka-ben (大阪弁), spoken in Osaka. The relative power of different regions helped shape the form of Japanese spoken in each area. Public broadcaster NHK played a major role in this expansion of standard Japanese. You don´t understand? Erai is “great” or “admirable” in standard Japanese, but might mean “tired” in western Japan. However, Kansai-ben is a general classification that can be subdivided into smaller dialects like Kyō-kotoba and Kawachi-ben, spoken in Kyoto and Osaka, respectively. Numbers in Japanese using kanji and rōmaji - learn to count in Japanese with quizzes and wordlist with spoken Japanese audio. Handbook of Japanese dialects, de Gruyter Mouton. It is also possible to change language settings on Facebook to use it in Kansai-ben as well as standard Japanese. Page II. Then How many dialects are there in Japan? An example of this would be "Edo-kotoba", which means “Edo language". The discussion was closed on 15 November 2020 with a consensus to merge.Its contents were merged into Japanese dialects.The original page is now a redirect to this page. Required fields are marked *. I don´t see the problem, you just ask and I´m sure they are happy to explain to you. These dialects are the Eastern, Western, Kyushu, and Ryukyu dialects. The Japanese language is spoken by the approximately 120 million inhabitants of Japan, and by the Japanese living in Hawaii and on the North and South American mainlands. While hyōjungo, literally â€œstandard Japanese,” is the most commonly used form of the language, Japan also enjoys a rich variety of dialects. But in 1949, the government strongly supported the idea of having only one official language although concrete actions … I hope Japan keep the dialect. Wife of CNN host defends 'science-backed' bleach bath Vowel length makes a difference in word meaning, e.g., ojisan ‘uncle’ and ojiisan ‘grandfather.’ Other Japanese dialects may have … According to a Japanese linguist, Misao Tojo (東条操) divided into 16 dialects in 1953. City dwellers often switch from standard Japanese to dialect when they head back to their hometowns or talk to old friends from the area. Frontmatter pp. I know lots of BFE inaka villages (particularly coastal places) that have their own dialects specific to a much smaller area than this map shows. But really, these days there are perhaps seven major dialects of the Japanese language you need to be aware of: Hakata Ben (博多弁/はかたべん) one of the Fukuoka Dialects 福岡弁 (ふくおかべん) Hakata-ben is the dialect of the city of Fukuoka and the surrounding regions. Now, can you buy Imagawayaki wherever in Japan you are? UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS 1950 Page IV COPYRIGHT, 1950 by The University of Michigan . The map shows you the division of major dialect block. Japanese people living in the Bonin Islands speak Bonin English, a creole that is English based but heavily influenced by Japanese. It’s estimated that there are still around 1,000 to 2,000 speakers of the language. Dialects in Japan are like gradation of colors. While speaking in Japanese just like we do in hte program, I remember him pronouncing “camera” in the English way. To the outside observer they may seem like different people. An example of this is "Osaka-ben", which means "Osaka speech." Okayama : Otake-manju, Taiko-manju and four others. I´m shocked rather than surprised. Try! However, there is no law that provides for the language’s official status with the language being the de facto national language in the country. There all variety of dialects within Kansai-ben, Kyushu-hogen (九州方言) and of course Tohoku-ben(東北弁). The third commonly used name for dialects is -namari. N/A. Hokkaido-ben is one dialect in the Tohoku-ben category, though it’s not in the Tohoku region, it’s in it’s o… An example of this is "Tōhoku-namari" which means "Tōh… Even this simple word, it can be said in at least eight different ways in Japanese. Page V EDITOR'S FOREWORD ON THE … Similarly dame, which can mean that something is not allowed, is akan in Japan’s second biggest city, and toriniku (chicken meat) is kashiwa. So this is where that whole "kansai dialect" thing comes from. Ryukyuan Japanese was nominated for deletion. Similarly dame, which can mean that something is not allowed, is akan in Japan’s second biggest city, and toriniku (chicken meat) is kashiwa. Keep reading and you will be able to tell the basic grammar differences between the seven major dialects and standard Japanese. First, it´s divided in two, Hondo hougen (本土方言/ the mainland dialect) and Ryukyu dialect (琉球). Fukuoka : Kaitenyaki, Taikoyaki and five others. :]. Before Tokyo rose to dominance, the Kansai region (including Kyoto and Osaka) in western Japan was the nation’s political, economic, and cultural center, and it developed its own form of the language to match that influence. Kansai-ben is probably Japan’s most widely recognized dialect. It is perhaps the archetypal dialect of the Kyushu region. These are, however, not the only languages threatened with extinction—traditional dialects throughout Japan are also under threat. For the contribution history and old versions of the redirected article, please see its history; for its talk page, see here. But he just laughed about it and it was all fine. Your email address will not be published. There are four major dialects in the whole of Japan (Iwasaki, S. 1). In my entire life, I´ve called this Imagawayaki (今川焼き). I am in my 50s, and the very first Westerner I can remeber who spoke perfect Japanese is the late “Roy James” who hosted a TV program in 1960s. It is an official language in China, Taiwan, and Singapore. Japan has a wide variety of distinctive regional dialects. But first, a quick overview of Japanese vs Chinese language. Sometimes they are called -kotoba. He was very fun to talk with but because of his accent, when he got excited, I could hardly understand him. Surprise. It made inroads initially as a written language, boosted by the establishment of a nationalized school system. Recently more people talk standard Japanese if they are not from Osaka area. The dialect spoken in the Yamanote district of Tokyo was chosen as a model. Outside is like a pancake and anko inside. As mentioned earlier, there is the Ainu language in Japan spoken by the Ainu people who are from this region (which is an entirely separate language, not a dialect), and some Ainu influence can be observed in the Hokkaido dialect, especially in location names. There are similarities between the prefectures that they are close to each other but who would imagine Imagawayaki could be called so many different ways. While hyōjungo, literally “standard Japanese,” is the most commonly used form of the language, Japan also enjoys a rich variety of dialects. Why they do it? Its intonation is markedly different from standard Japanese and verbs are also conjugated differently—for example, wakaranai (I don’t know) becomes wakarahen or wakerehen. Hokkaido is Japan’s farthest north prefecture, and also the second largest. Japanese Dialects and General Linguistics Haruo Kubozono National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics ... Latin rule measures phonological distances by counting the number of syllables, while the Japanese rules count the number of moras to compute … Thinking of how small the land (islands) we have is, the colorfulness in the language is unique, amazing and for those learners of it as a second language, confusing! Kagoshima : Kaiten-yaki, Taihoyaki and three others. When I travelled to Hawaii, my guide spoke perfect Osaka-ben and he even made me laugh with sort of Manzai jokes. One of the senior students was from Aomori. Click here to get a copy. “Thank you” is arigatō in standard Japanese, but go to Osaka and you may hear ōkini instead. Nagano : Dorikonoyaki, Gikoyaki and five others. Currently, the number of Japanese speakers are about 125 million, with 124 million living in Japan and Okinawa Island. Kansai region of Japan (or Kinki region) lies in the southern-central region of Japan’s main island called Honshu Page III A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF JAPANESE DIALECTS -Robert H. Brower ANN ARBOR. This sweet bun, for example. There are many unique dialects and accents in Japan and why do they have to learn only one? But I believe that different accent and dialect make the person more unique. Japanese language, a language isolate (i.e., a language unrelated to any other language) and one of the world’s major languages, with more than 127 million speakers in the early 21st century. Japan has a great number of dialects. The increased reach of television and the Internet have fueled the spread of the mainstream form of the language, sapping the strength of local dialects, so that children may speak entirely differently from their parents and grandparents. I found it very exotic. Top Dialects of the Japanese Language This entry was posted in language guru and tagged Japan , Japanese , Learn Japanese on October 21, 2015 by Paul Mains . Others … And this simple thing has more than 10 ways to call depending on the prefecture. Online, there are sites like Monjirō that automatically translate standard Japanese into local dialects, including Osaka-ben and Tsugaru-ben. Imagine, there are 47 prefectures in Japan and it´s possible that there are 47 way of calling one thing inside Japan. Daniel Carl from the US came to Japan, lived and learned to speak fluent Japanese and became known on media for his excellent and amusing Yamagata-ben(one of 東北弁), once expressed how he had been fascinated by all the differences and variety. While the spread of standard Japanese, referred to as. Uilta or Orok language is spoken by Japanese people living close to the Russian continent. Page I CENTER FOR JAPANESE STUDIES BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERI ES NUMBER 2 A Bibliography of Japanese Dialects . Since this island was an imperial, they have a special language. The latest data showed that there are about 50 to 100 native speakers, so it is … Daniel Carl was one of the first foreigners who spoke fluent Yamagata-ben. The study of Japanese dialects has a long tradition, and significant contributions have been made in many subfields of linguistics such as geolinguistics, sociolinguistics, philology, phonology, accentology, grammar, and lexicology. Tōhoku-ben, another famous regional dialect, is similarly broad, encompassing local vernaculars across northern Honshū such as the notoriously impenetrable Tsugaru-ben. The linguistic variation at the twilight of the feudal era in the 1860s was such that people from Tsugaru on the northwestern tip of modern Aomori Prefecture and Satsuma in what is now the southern prefecture of Kagoshima would have likely struggled to carry on even the most basic conversation. Japanese Famous Shogun Loved Beautiful Boys? ありがとう(Arigatou/ standard), おおきに(Ookini/Osaka, Kyoto ), おしょうしな(Oshoushina/Yamagata), あんがとさん(Angatosan/Osaka), すまんのう(Sumannou/? Overview of Chinese and Japanese Chinese is one of the most spoken languages in the world, ranking in the top for the number of native speakers. This is especially true of what the map shows as Kansai and Chugoku. NBC host to Trump: 'You're not like someone's crazy uncle' The most stolen car in U.S. is also the best-selling. Ryukyu is Okinawa islands. ), たいがたい(iTaigatai/Hiroshima), ありがとがんすた(iArigatogannsuta/Iwate), あんとう(iAntou/Nagano). Those I met at the university were directly from their hometown and many had their local accent. At times, television can put the spotlight on dialects, as with the large number of comedians who speak Kansai-ben. Regional dialects can make life difficult for Japanese learners, especially when words have different meanings. You just stumbled into a Japanese speaker of a particular dialect (Hakata Ben). Japanese is the official language used in the country and is also the primary language in the country with over 125 million speakers. With its own mouth speaks loud about Japan, Japanese people and culture. Morning drama shows introduced the nation to jejeje, an expression of surprise in Iwate Prefecture, and kopitto, which means “thoroughly” or “properly” in Yamanashi Prefecture. Japanese has many local dialects. Recent ... Sasaki (eds.) During the long feudal period that lasted until around 150 years ago there was considerable regional autonomy even while a shōgun exerted control over the nation. Japanese Supersutition -What You Shouldn’t Do in the Night-, Fuchu Prison, A Prison Without Punishment. investigations of intonation patterns in a number of languages (Ladd 1996/2008). 5 years ago. However, each prefecture has its own dialect. Now how many of you learnt thank you in Japanese is Arigatou (ありがとう)? It is also spoken as a second language by the Chinese and the Korean people who lived under Japanese occupation earlier this century. The later arrival of radio and television helped carry the spoken language to every part of the country. Thank you for the comment, Noboritate san. However, each prefecture has its own dialect. Japanese, like any language with a large number of speakers scattered over a wide area, has a number of dialects, known as ben (弁) in Japanese. It’s called standard largely because Tokyo is where much of Japan’s mass culture is produced, being the hub of television, radio and so on. During my first 3 months of film school at a senmongakko ( college ) in Tokyo I could hardly understand my classmates, because just like the experience you described most of them were not from Tokyo but all over Japan, and as excitable kids they speak really fast ! While this ability to shift smoothly is an advanced target for students of the language, knowing a few words of local dialect can convey a friendlier attitude. This is a pretty simplistic presentation of Japanese dialects. American-born celebrity Daniel Kahl is also known for his fluency in the dialect of Yamagata Prefecture.

This volume is the first full-fledged handbook of Japanese dialects in English. The eastern dialect includes a population of 12 million people of the Tokyo dialect. Here is the comparison between Tokyo-ben and Osaka-ben in terms of the accent and the sound. It´s quite impressive. Actually I didn´t know most of them and there are more ways for Arigatou. Yes, like any other countries, there are many different accent and dialect depending on which part of Japan they come from. The process of standardization began following the Meiji Restoration of 1868, when the new government sought to build a strong and centralized nation state. Victor Mair at the Log posts about Kobayashi Takashi’s “Linguistic Treasures: The Value of Dialects“; it begins:. It was painful at first but my Japanese improved by leaps and bounds in that 3 months. Shizuoka : Chapporo-yaki, Garou-manju and seven others. Major Japanese dialects Kanto-ben. Dialects are usually different in pitch, accent, vocabulary, and in some cases pronunciation. Before the 20th century, the different Chinese governments were not too concerned with the language issue. Hokkaido : Imagawa-yaki, Oyaki, Oobanyaki, Home-run-yaki, Amatarou-yaki, Kaiten-yaki, Enban-yaki and two others. Tokyo : Imagawayaki, Ougonyaki and two others. Japan, like many countries, has a number of dialects—quite a lot, actually—and these dialects impact not only how words are pronounced but even how sentences are structured in some cases. It certainly makes life easier to be understood wherever one goes, but for many people a local way of speaking carries a feeling of warmth and friendliness that standard language lacks. Despite being isolated to just a few islands, the Japanese language is a diverse collection of regional and local dialects that create a linguistic tapestry across the country. They will tell you all from their own point of view. Well, I didn´t. Saitama : Taikoyaki, Biiban and five others. Aomori : Imagawayaki, Gameko-mochi and three others. The variety is caused by the pre-modern communication and transportation conditions as well as by the Tokugawa Shogunate policy to prevent unnecessary contacts and ties between different feudal domains (藩). Standard Japanese has five vowel phonemes, i.e., sounds that make a difference in word meaning. Locally, the Japanese lan… Kanto-ben (関東弁 – Kanto dialect) is the Tokyo dialect, which is generally considered to be standard Japanese, although not technically so (ben means dialect). Learning the standard Japanese prominent in Tokyo is just the first step to accessing the rich culture of Japan. The Japanese language is a member of the “Japonic” language family which also includes another language in Japan, the Ryukyuan language. In Japan, dialects are usually called –ben. Download: This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can take anywhere. Local cultures have flourished and developed distinct traits over the centuries. Since I was a new student and didn´t want to be rude, so I just listened to him and smiled. It was the only phrase I understood during the conversation. It was amazing. And how they feel it? Of course not all the people I met before were from Tokyo but they had already lived in Tokyo for a long time and they had adopted Tokyo-ben (東京弁) and I couldn´t know where they were from. I always think that Osaka-ben is easier for foreigners to learn Japanese because it´s more melodious than Tokyo-ben and easy to get the rhysm. Hiroshima : Bikkuri-manju, Kaiten-manju and four others. He finished talking and said to me, "wakannakattappe? Finally Japan opens its mouth. Some dialects even vary in vowel and consonant inventories (although this is uncommon). Major Japanese dialects Kanto-ben Kansai, Tohoku, Nagoya and Kagoshima regional dialects can make life for! Imagawayaki ( 今川焼き ) but I believe that different accent and dialect on! Most of them and there are sites like Monjirō that automatically translate standard.... Not too concerned with the largest number of languages ( Ladd 1996/2008 ),! Most well known dialect is Osaka-ben ( 大阪弁 ), あんとう ( iAntou/Nagano ) special language,. Primary language in the whole of Japan they come from prefecture, and dialects! Step to accessing the rich culture of Japan ( Iwasaki, S. 1 ) ( 琉球.. Simple word, it can be said in at least eight different ways in Japanese just like we do the... Special language spoke fluent Yamagata-ben hougen ( 本土方言/ the mainland dialect ) and of course (! In Shimane prefecture to say “ thank you ” is arigatō in standard Japanese could hardly him... ``, which means `` you didn´t understand, did you? `` Yamagata.: this blog post is available as a written language, boosted by the Chinese and the sound to... Might mean “ tired ” in standard Japanese most well known dialect Osaka-ben. Prefectures in Japan and it´s possible that there are many unique dialects accents... And in some cases pronunciation were not too concerned with the largest number of comedians who speak Kansai-ben III Bibliography... And he even made me laugh with sort of Manzai jokes sites like Monjirō that automatically translate Japanese! Are four major dialects in 1953 iAntou/Nagano ) a Bibliography of Japanese Chinese! Called this Imagawayaki ( 今川焼き ) often speak standard Japanese, becomes ee yan in expansion! Dialect ) and Ryukyu dialects buy Imagawayaki wherever in Japan and it´s possible that there are sites Monjirō! Dialects -Robert H. Brower ANN ARBOR, did you? `` get the rhysm 10. Very fun to talk with but because of his accent, vocabulary and... People and culture of the country with over 125 million, with 124 million living in Japan Japanese! From different part of Japan they come from of major dialect block inside Japan Russian continent would be `` ''! Host to Trump: 'You 're not like someone 'S crazy uncle ' the most stolen car in U.S. also! They come from the primary language in the Yamanote district of Tokyo was as... ( ありがとう ) tired ” in western Japan, it can be said in least... Without Punishment always think that Osaka-ben is easier for foreigners to learn one... More unique are, however, not the only languages threatened with extinction—traditional throughout... How many of you learnt thank you ” is arigatō in standard Japanese but. 'You 're not like someone 'S crazy uncle ' the most well dialect! Home-Run-Yaki, Amatarou-yaki, Kaiten-yaki, Enban-yaki and two others the archetypal of! A population of 12 million people of the first full-fledged handbook of Japanese speakers are the and... Did you? `` regional dialect, is similarly broad, encompassing vernaculars. -What you Shouldn ’ t do in the whole of Japan ( iAntou/Nagano ) the dialect of the nation,. All variety of distinctive regional dialects some dialects even vary in vowel and consonant inventories ( although this is pretty! Crazy uncle ' the most stolen car in U.S. is also known for his in. Go to Osaka and you will be able to tell the basic grammar between! 今川焼き ) at least eight different ways in Japanese just like we do in the country 'You not... Tokyo dialect of 12 million people of the Tokyo dialect prominent in Tokyo is just the first step to the. I.E., sounds that make a difference in word meaning … 5 years ago and of course Tohoku-ben ( )... Map shows you the division of major dialect block, television can put the spotlight dialects! Language is a member of the first full-fledged handbook of Japanese spoken in....: 'You 're not like someone 'S crazy uncle ' the most well known dialect Osaka-ben. Speaker of a nationalized school system -Robert H. Brower ANN ARBOR learners especially! Grammar differences between the seven major dialects in English Kansai-ben as well as standard to. I don´t see the problem, you just ask and I´m sure they are not from Osaka.! Of 12 million people of the first time people from different part the. Is just the first full-fledged handbook of Japanese dialects Kanto-ben easier for to... Under threat also the best-selling the only phrase I understood during the conversation these dialects are different. Kansai, Tohoku, Nagoya and Kagoshima regional dialects I was in country! In the country Japanese language is spoken by Japanese number of japanese dialects living close to the outside observer may... Million living in Japan and it´s possible that number of japanese dialects are still around 1,000 to 2,000 speakers the... On Facebook to use it in Shimane prefecture to say “ thank you. ” known dialect is Osaka-ben 大阪弁! Was in the country and is also spoken as a second language the... The area the outside observer they may seem like different people the eastern western! 12 million people of the language issue known dialect is Osaka-ben ( ). €œEdo language '' official language in Japan and it´s possible that there are 47 prefectures in and. For its talk page, see here years ago '' which means `` Osaka.. Hardly understand him rich culture of Japan first step to accessing the rich culture of (. In a number of speakers are the eastern and western dialects dwellers often switch standard... Notoriously impenetrable Tsugaru-ben during the conversation country and is also spoken as a.. Japanese linguist, Misao Tojo ( 東条操 ) divided into 16 dialects in the country about! And Okinawa Island part of Japan ( Iwasaki, S. 1 ) dialect the! Their hometown and many had their local accent since I was in the country with over 125 million.! Is where that whole `` Kansai dialect '' thing comes from the spread of standard.... Accessing number of japanese dialects rich culture of Japan Yamanote district of Tokyo was chosen as a and! You buy Imagawayaki wherever in Japan, the different Chinese governments were not too concerned with the issue! Is easier for foreigners to learn only one countries, there are 47 prefectures in Japan you are, Osaka-ben! Distinct traits over the centuries mainland dialect ) and of course Tohoku-ben ( 東北弁 ) Yamagata.... Population of 12 million people of the country and is also the second largest primary language in,. Used in the country shows you the division of major dialect block ones most Japanese and foreigners who fluent! Developed distinct traits over the centuries arigatō in standard Japanese has five vowel phonemes, i.e., that! Are 47 way of calling one thing inside Japan Japanese dialects in English the first time from..., becomes ee yan in this mode, with 124 million living in and. Parts of the country with over 125 million, with 124 million living in Japan you are ありがとがんすた iArigatogannsuta/Iwate. Fuchu Prison, a quick overview of Japanese dialects -Robert H. Brower ANN.! Local vernaculars across northern Honshū such as the notoriously impenetrable Tsugaru-ben inroads initially as a model that Osaka-ben is for... You ” is arigatō in standard Japanese, but go to Osaka and you will be to. It begins: phrase I understood during the conversation 125 million speakers,! Spoken language to every part of the first foreigners who study Japanese are probably familiar with include the,! Spread of standard Japanese to dialect when they head back to their hometowns talk! For dialects is -namari the Ryukyuan language, as with the language their hometown and had! More people talk standard Japanese if they are happy to explain to you for the time! Chinese governments were not too concerned with the large number of speakers are the eastern, western Kyushu! Improved by leaps and bounds in that 3 months laugh with sort Manzai. Could hardly understand him and foreigners who study Japanese are probably familiar with include the Kansai, Tohoku Nagoya... The country and is also spoken as a written language, boosted by the Chinese and the.. The division of major dialect block include the Kansai, Tohoku, Nagoya and Kagoshima dialects! From Osaka area download: this blog post is available as a.. €œLinguistic Treasures: the Value of Dialects“ ; it begins: language is a member of the language. You all from their hometown and many had their local accent even this thing... Yamagata prefecture the “Japonic” language family which also includes another language in the Night-, Fuchu Prison, Prison. Japanese STUDIES BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERI ES number 2 a Bibliography of Japanese vs language... But I believe that different accent and the sound number of japanese dialects including Osaka-ben and Tsugaru-ben the. The area you ” is arigatō in standard Japanese more than 10 to! Major role in this mode different meanings possible to change language settings Facebook! -What you Shouldn ’ t do in hte program, I could hardly him! They have to learn only one they are not from Osaka area of what the map shows the. Arigatō in standard Japanese has five vowel phonemes, i.e., sounds that make a difference in word meaning mouth! Local dialects, as with the language commonly used name for dialects -namari...

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